---
slug: /en/engines/table-engines/integrations/s3
sidebar_position: 180
sidebar_label: S3
---

# S3 Table Engine

This engine provides integration with [Amazon S3](https://aws.amazon.com/s3/) ecosystem. This engine is similar to the [HDFS](../../../engines/table-engines/special/file.md#table_engines-hdfs) engine, but provides S3-specific features.

## Example

``` sql
CREATE TABLE s3_engine_table (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE=S3('https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-test-bucket-768/test-data.csv.gz', 'CSV', 'gzip')
    SETTINGS input_format_with_names_use_header = 0;

INSERT INTO s3_engine_table VALUES ('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3);

SELECT * FROM s3_engine_table LIMIT 2;
```

```text
┌─name─┬─value─┐
│ one  │     1 │
│ two  │     2 │
└──────┴───────┘
```
## Create Table {#creating-a-table}

``` sql
CREATE TABLE s3_engine_table (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3(path [, NOSIGN | aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key,] format, [compression])
    [PARTITION BY expr]
    [SETTINGS ...]
```

### Engine parameters

- `path` — Bucket url with path to file. Supports following wildcards in readonly mode: `*`, `**`, `?`, `{abc,def}` and `{N..M}` where `N`, `M` — numbers, `'abc'`, `'def'` — strings. For more information see [below](#wildcards-in-path).
- `NOSIGN` - If this keyword is provided in place of credentials, all the requests will not be signed.
- `format` — The [format](../../../interfaces/formats.md#formats) of the file.
- `aws_access_key_id`, `aws_secret_access_key` - Long-term credentials for the [AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/) account user.  You can use these to authenticate your requests. Parameter is optional. If credentials are not specified, they are used from the configuration file. For more information see [Using S3 for Data Storage](../mergetree-family/mergetree.md#table_engine-mergetree-s3).
- `compression` — Compression type. Supported values: `none`, `gzip/gz`, `brotli/br`, `xz/LZMA`, `zstd/zst`. Parameter is optional. By default, it will auto-detect compression by file extension.

### PARTITION BY

`PARTITION BY` — Optional. In most cases you don't need a partition key, and if it is needed you generally don't need a partition key more granular than by month. Partitioning does not speed up queries (in contrast to the ORDER BY expression). You should never use too granular partitioning. Don't partition your data by client identifiers or names (instead, make client identifier or name the first column in the ORDER BY expression).

For partitioning by month, use the `toYYYYMM(date_column)` expression, where `date_column` is a column with a date of the type [Date](/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/date.md). The partition names here have the `"YYYYMM"` format.

### Querying partitioned data

This example uses the [docker compose recipe](https://github.com/ClickHouse/examples/tree/5fdc6ff72f4e5137e23ea075c88d3f44b0202490/docker-compose-recipes/recipes/ch-and-minio-S3), which integrates ClickHouse and MinIO.  You should be able to reproduce the same queries using S3 by replacing the endpoint and authentication values.

Notice that the S3 endpoint in the `ENGINE` configuration uses the parameter token `{_partition_id}` as part of the S3 object (filename), and that the SELECT queries select against those resulting object names (e.g., `test_3.csv`). 

:::note
As shown in the example, querying from S3 tables that are partitioned is
not directly supported at this time, but can be accomplished by querying the individual partitions
using the S3 table function.

The primary use-case for writing 
partitioned data in S3 is to enable transferring that data into another
ClickHouse system (for example, moving from on-prem systems to ClickHouse
Cloud).  Because ClickHouse datasets are often very large, and network
reliability is sometimes imperfect it makes sense to transfer datasets
in subsets, hence partitioned writes.
:::

#### Create the table
```sql
CREATE TABLE p
(
    `column1` UInt32,
    `column2` UInt32,
    `column3` UInt32
)
ENGINE = S3(
# highlight-next-line
           'http://minio:10000/clickhouse//test_{_partition_id}.csv', 
           'minioadmin', 
           'minioadminpassword', 
           'CSV')
PARTITION BY column3
```

#### Insert data
```sql
insert into p values (1, 2, 3), (3, 2, 1), (78, 43, 45)
```

#### Select from partition 3

:::tip
This query uses the s3 table function
:::

```sql
SELECT *
FROM s3('http://minio:10000/clickhouse//test_3.csv', 'minioadmin', 'minioadminpassword', 'CSV')
```
```response
┌─c1─┬─c2─┬─c3─┐
│  1 │  2 │  3 │
└────┴────┴────┘
```

#### Select from partition 1
```sql
SELECT *
FROM s3('http://minio:10000/clickhouse//test_1.csv', 'minioadmin', 'minioadminpassword', 'CSV')
```
```response
┌─c1─┬─c2─┬─c3─┐
│  3 │  2 │  1 │
└────┴────┴────┘
```

#### Select from partition 45
```sql
SELECT *
FROM s3('http://minio:10000/clickhouse//test_45.csv', 'minioadmin', 'minioadminpassword', 'CSV')
```
```response
┌─c1─┬─c2─┬─c3─┐
│ 78 │ 43 │ 45 │
└────┴────┴────┘
```

#### Limitation

You may naturally try to `Select * from p`, but as noted above, this query will fail; use the preceding query.

```sql
SELECT * FROM p
```
```response
Received exception from server (version 23.4.1):
Code: 48. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Reading from a partitioned S3 storage is not implemented yet. (NOT_IMPLEMENTED)
```

## Virtual columns {#virtual-columns}

- `_path` — Path to the file. Type: `LowCardinalty(String)`.
- `_file` — Name of the file. Type: `LowCardinalty(String)`.
- `_size` — Size of the file in bytes. Type: `Nullable(UInt64)`. If the size is unknown, the value is `NULL`.

For more information about virtual columns see [here](../../../engines/table-engines/index.md#table_engines-virtual_columns).

## Implementation Details {#implementation-details}

- Reads and writes can be parallel
- Not supported:
    - `ALTER` and `SELECT...SAMPLE` operations.
    - Indexes.
    - [Zero-copy](../../../operations/storing-data.md#zero-copy) replication is possible, but not supported.

  :::note Zero-copy replication is not ready for production
  Zero-copy replication is disabled by default in ClickHouse version 22.8 and higher.  This feature is not recommended for production use.
  :::

## Wildcards In Path {#wildcards-in-path}

`path` argument can specify multiple files using bash-like wildcards. For being processed file should exist and match to the whole path pattern. Listing of files is determined during `SELECT` (not at `CREATE` moment).

- `*` — Substitutes any number of any characters except `/` including empty string.
- `**` — Substitutes any number of any character include `/` including empty string.
- `?` — Substitutes any single character.
- `{some_string,another_string,yet_another_one}` — Substitutes any of strings `'some_string', 'another_string', 'yet_another_one'`.
- `{N..M}` — Substitutes any number in range from N to M including both borders. N and M can have leading zeroes e.g. `000..078`.

Constructions with `{}` are similar to the [remote](../../../sql-reference/table-functions/remote.md) table function.

:::note
If the listing of files contains number ranges with leading zeros, use the construction with braces for each digit separately or use `?`.
:::

**Example with wildcards 1**

Create table with files named `file-000.csv`, `file-001.csv`, … , `file-999.csv`:

``` sql
CREATE TABLE big_table (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3('https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/my_folder/file-{000..999}.csv', 'CSV');
```

**Example with wildcards 2**

Suppose we have several files in CSV format with the following URIs on S3:

- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/some_folder/some_file_1.csv'
- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/some_folder/some_file_2.csv'
- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/some_folder/some_file_3.csv'
- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/another_folder/some_file_1.csv'
- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/another_folder/some_file_2.csv'
- 'https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/another_folder/some_file_3.csv'


There are several ways to make a table consisting of all six files:

1. Specify the range of file postfixes:

``` sql
CREATE TABLE table_with_range (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3('https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/{some,another}_folder/some_file_{1..3}', 'CSV');
```

2. Take all files with `some_file_` prefix (there should be no extra files with such prefix in both folders):

``` sql
CREATE TABLE table_with_question_mark (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3('https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/{some,another}_folder/some_file_?', 'CSV');
```

3. Take all the files in both folders (all files should satisfy format and schema described in query):

``` sql
CREATE TABLE table_with_asterisk (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3('https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/{some,another}_folder/*', 'CSV');
```

## Storage Settings {#storage-settings}

- [s3_truncate_on_insert](/docs/en/operations/settings/settings.md#s3_truncate_on_insert) - allows to truncate file before insert into it. Disabled by default.
- [s3_create_multiple_files](/docs/en/operations/settings/settings.md#s3_allow_create_multiple_files) - allows to create a new file on each insert if format has suffix. Disabled by default.
- [s3_skip_empty_files](/docs/en/operations/settings/settings.md#s3_skip_empty_files) - allows to skip empty files while reading. Disabled by default.

## S3-related Settings {#settings}

The following settings can be set before query execution or placed into configuration file.

- `s3_max_single_part_upload_size` — The maximum size of object to upload using singlepart upload to S3. Default value is `32Mb`.
- `s3_min_upload_part_size` — The minimum size of part to upload during multipart upload to [S3 Multipart upload](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/uploadobjusingmpu.html). Default value is `16Mb`.
- `s3_max_redirects` — Max number of S3 redirects hops allowed. Default value is `10`.
- `s3_single_read_retries` — The maximum number of attempts during single read. Default value is `4`.
- `s3_max_put_rps` — Maximum PUT requests per second rate before throttling. Default value is `0` (unlimited).
- `s3_max_put_burst` — Max number of requests that can be issued simultaneously before hitting request per second limit. By default (`0` value) equals to `s3_max_put_rps`.
- `s3_max_get_rps` — Maximum GET requests per second rate before throttling. Default value is `0` (unlimited).
- `s3_max_get_burst` — Max number of requests that can be issued simultaneously before hitting request per second limit. By default (`0` value) equals to `s3_max_get_rps`.
- `s3_upload_part_size_multiply_factor` - Multiply `s3_min_upload_part_size` by this factor each time `s3_multiply_parts_count_threshold` parts were uploaded from a single write to S3. Default values is `2`.
- `s3_upload_part_size_multiply_parts_count_threshold` - Each time this number of parts was uploaded to S3, `s3_min_upload_part_size` is multiplied by `s3_upload_part_size_multiply_factor`. Default value is `500`.
- `s3_max_inflight_parts_for_one_file` - Limits the number of put requests that can be run concurrently for one object. Its number should be limited. The value `0` means unlimited. Default value is `20`. Each in-flight part has a buffer with size `s3_min_upload_part_size` for the first `s3_upload_part_size_multiply_factor` parts and more when file is big enough, see `upload_part_size_multiply_factor`. With default settings one uploaded file consumes not more than `320Mb` for a file which is less than `8G`. The consumption is greater for a larger file.

Security consideration: if malicious user can specify arbitrary S3 URLs, `s3_max_redirects` must be set to zero to avoid [SSRF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_request_forgery) attacks; or alternatively, `remote_host_filter` must be specified in server configuration.

## Endpoint-based Settings {#endpoint-settings}

The following settings can be specified in configuration file for given endpoint (which will be matched by exact prefix of a URL):

- `endpoint` — Specifies prefix of an endpoint. Mandatory.
- `access_key_id` and `secret_access_key` — Specifies credentials to use with given endpoint. Optional.
- `use_environment_credentials` — If set to `true`, S3 client will try to obtain credentials from environment variables and [Amazon EC2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud) metadata for given endpoint. Optional, default value is `false`.
- `region` — Specifies S3 region name. Optional.
- `use_insecure_imds_request` — If set to `true`, S3 client will use insecure IMDS request while obtaining credentials from Amazon EC2 metadata. Optional, default value is `false`.
- `expiration_window_seconds` — Grace period for checking if expiration-based credentials have expired. Optional, default value is `120`.
- `no_sign_request` - Ignore all the credentials so requests are not signed. Useful for accessing public buckets.
- `header` —  Adds specified HTTP header to a request to given endpoint. Optional, can be specified multiple times.
- `server_side_encryption_customer_key_base64` — If specified, required headers for accessing S3 objects with SSE-C encryption will be set. Optional.
- `server_side_encryption_kms_key_id` - If specified, required headers for accessing S3 objects with [SSE-KMS encryption](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/UsingKMSEncryption.html) will be set. If an empty string is specified, the AWS managed S3 key will be used. Optional.
- `server_side_encryption_kms_encryption_context` - If specified alongside `server_side_encryption_kms_key_id`, the given encryption context header for SSE-KMS will be set. Optional.
- `server_side_encryption_kms_bucket_key_enabled` - If specified alongside `server_side_encryption_kms_key_id`, the header to enable S3 bucket keys for SSE-KMS will be set. Optional, can be `true` or `false`, defaults to nothing (matches the bucket-level setting).
- `max_single_read_retries` — The maximum number of attempts during single read. Default value is `4`. Optional.
- `max_put_rps`, `max_put_burst`, `max_get_rps` and `max_get_burst` - Throttling settings (see description above) to use for specific endpoint instead of per query. Optional.

**Example:**

``` xml
<s3>
    <endpoint-name>
        <endpoint>https://clickhouse-public-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/my-test-bucket-768/</endpoint>
        <!-- <access_key_id>ACCESS_KEY_ID</access_key_id> -->
        <!-- <secret_access_key>SECRET_ACCESS_KEY</secret_access_key> -->
        <!-- <region>us-west-1</region> -->
        <!-- <use_environment_credentials>false</use_environment_credentials> -->
        <!-- <use_insecure_imds_request>false</use_insecure_imds_request> -->
        <!-- <expiration_window_seconds>120</expiration_window_seconds> -->
        <!-- <no_sign_request>false</no_sign_request> -->
        <!-- <header>Authorization: Bearer SOME-TOKEN</header> -->
        <!-- <server_side_encryption_customer_key_base64>BASE64-ENCODED-KEY</server_side_encryption_customer_key_base64> -->
        <!-- <server_side_encryption_kms_key_id>KMS_KEY_ID</server_side_encryption_kms_key_id> -->
        <!-- <server_side_encryption_kms_encryption_context>KMS_ENCRYPTION_CONTEXT</server_side_encryption_kms_encryption_context> -->
        <!-- <server_side_encryption_kms_bucket_key_enabled>true</server_side_encryption_kms_bucket_key_enabled> -->
        <!-- <max_single_read_retries>4</max_single_read_retries> -->
    </endpoint-name>
</s3>
```

## Accessing public buckets

ClickHouse tries to fetch credentials from many different types of sources.
Sometimes, it can produce problems when accessing some buckets that are public causing the client to return `403` error code.
This issue can be avoided by using `NOSIGN` keyword, forcing the client to ignore all the credentials, and not sign the requests.

``` sql
CREATE TABLE big_table (name String, value UInt32)
    ENGINE = S3('https://datasets-documentation.s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com/aapl_stock.csv', NOSIGN, 'CSVWithNames');
```

## See also

- [s3 table function](../../../sql-reference/table-functions/s3.md)
